连词与衔接词
Conjunctions show whether linked units are grammatically equal or whether one clause depends on another.
01 · 概念基础
先理解术语，再应用规则
以下术语指向不同的语法对象，应比较其功能与例句，而非只记翻译。
coordinator/kəʊˈɔːdɪneɪtə/
liên từ đẳng lậpA conjunction joining units of equal grammatical status.
and, but, or, so
và, nhưng, hoặc, vì vậy
subordinator/səˈbɔːdɪneɪtə/
liên từ phụ thuộcA word that introduces a dependent clause and specifies its relation to a main clause.
although, because, if, while
mặc dù, bởi vì, nếu, trong khi
dependent clause/dɪˈpendənt klɔːz/
mệnh đề phụ thuộcA clause that cannot normally stand alone because its interpretation is grammatically tied to a main clause.
Although the grid was coarse, ...
Mặc dù lưới thô, ...
conjunctive adverb/kənˈdʒʌŋktɪv ˈædvɜːb/
trạng từ liên kếtAn adverb such as however or therefore that links propositions semantically but does not coordinate clauses grammatically.
The run failed; therefore, it was repeated.
Lần chạy thất bại; vì vậy, nó được lặp lại.
parallelism/ˈpærəlelɪzəm/
cấu trúc song songThe use of matching grammatical forms in coordinated or compared units.
collect, clean and archive
thu thập, làm sạch và lưu trữ
clause linker/klɔːz ˈlɪŋkə/
từ nối mệnh đềA coordinator or subordinator whose grammar determines the status of the clause it introduces or joins.
because + clause; but + independent clause
because + mệnh đề; but + mệnh đề độc lập
完整课程范围
不要停留在单一公式
并列连词与平衡连接
时间、原因、让步、条件与目的从属连词
关联连词与平行结构
连接副词、标点与句子边界
判断边界：连接表达并不会自动修复残句或逗号拼接；分句地位与标点仍然重要。
02 · 控制规则
并列连词连接同级单位，从属连词引导依赖从句，连接副词在语义上连接独立命题。所选连接词必须同时符合意义和后续语法形式。
X, but Y | Although X, Y | X; however, Y连词、从句连接与逻辑关系
区分并列、从属和连接副词；选择表达目标逻辑的连接词，并正确标点从句结构。
1. 并列：语法地位相等
并列连词连接同等级的词、短语或独立从句。被连接成分通常应保持语法形式平行。
parallel unit + and/but/or/so/yet + parallel unitand 表补充，but/yet 表对比，or 表选择，so 表结果。
并列连词连接两个独立从句时前面用逗号；连接两个短词或短语时通常不用逗号。
保持平行：to collect, to process and to interpret；不要混用 to collect, processing and interpretation。
关联连词要求结构平衡：both ... and；either ... or；neither ... nor；not only ... but also。
The model reproduced the timing, but it underestimated the peak magnitude.
模型再现了峰值出现时间，但低估了峰值幅度。
The workflow is designed to collect, clean and archive the observations.
该工作流用于收集、清洗和归档观测数据。
逻辑关系图
先选择意义，再选择能引导后续成分的语法类别。
| 关系 | 从句连接词 | 短语连接词 | 句子连接词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 原因 | because, since, as | because of, due to | therefore, consequently |
| 对比/让步 | although, even though, whereas | despite, in spite of | however, nevertheless |
| 补充 | and; while | in addition to | moreover, furthermore |
| 举例 | such as 不引导从句 | such as, including | for example, for instance |
| 条件 | if, unless, provided that | without, in case of | otherwise |
从句连接标点
标点反映语法独立性，而不只是停顿长短。
| 结构 | 标点 | 例式 |
|---|---|---|
| 依赖从句在前 | 依赖从句后逗号 | Although X, Y. |
| 主句在前 | 限制性从句前通常无逗号 | Y because X. |
| 两个独立从句 + 并列连词 | 逗号 + 并列连词 | X, but Y. |
| 两个独立从句 + 连接副词 | 分号/句号 + 连接副词 + 逗号 | X; however, Y. |
高风险错误对比
because 形成依赖从句，必须连接主句。
although 已标记让步，不要再用 but 重复标记同一关系。
therefore 是连接副词，不是并列连词；前面应用分号或句号。
并列成分需要保持相同语法形式。
概念与形式检测
在语境中应用该系统
写一个五句 IELTS 段落，包含原因、让步、补充和结果；至少使用一个依赖从句、一个并列连词和一个标点正确的连接副词。
- ✓连接词表达目标逻辑关系。
- ✓连接词后接所需类型的从句或短语。
- ✓独立从句不能仅用逗号连接。
03 · 解析示例
同时观察形式、功能与意义
The model reproduced the timing, but it underestimated the peak.
Mô hình tái hiện đúng thời điểm nhưng đánh giá thấp đỉnh.
Although the calibration period was short, the statistics remained acceptable.
Mặc dù giai đoạn hiệu chỉnh ngắn, các chỉ số vẫn chấp nhận được.
The resolution was limited; nevertheless, the main pattern was reproduced.
Độ phân giải bị hạn chế; tuy vậy, dạng chính vẫn được tái hiện.
The workflow collects, cleans and archives the observations.
Quy trình thu thập, làm sạch và lưu trữ dữ liệu quan trắc.
04 · 高风险错误对比
说明错误原因，而非只选正确答案
The record was incomplete, therefore the run was repeated.
The record was incomplete; therefore, the run was repeated.
therefore 是连接副词，不是并列连词。两个独立从句必须用分号或句号分开。
05 · 掌握检测
完成课程前先应用规则
哪个句子符合目标语法系统？
哪个描述最能定义“coordinator”？
哪个例句属于本课已验证的目标结构？
哪个结构公式属于本课？
完成四项检测，然后提交自拟句以获得目标结构反馈。
06 · IELTS Academic
将语法迁移到真实交际任务
用多样且准确的逻辑关系构建段落，而不是在每句开头机械放置背诵的连接词。
区分并列连词、从属连词和连接副词。
使从句连接词后接从句，短语连接词后接名词/-ing 短语。
正确标点独立从句。
并列序列保持形式平行。