介词与补足语
Prepositions encode relations such as time, place, direction, cause, method and dependency, and many are selected by the word before them.
01 · 概念基础
先理解术语，再应用规则
以下术语指向不同的语法对象，应比较其功能与例句，而非只记翻译。
preposition/ˌprepəˈzɪʃən/
giới từA function word that introduces a noun phrase and expresses its relation to another element.
at the station, because of erosion, by satellite
tại trạm, do xói lở, bằng vệ tinh
prepositional phrase/ˌprepəˈzɪʃənəl freɪz/
cụm giới từA preposition together with its complement, normally a noun phrase.
in the estuary
trong cửa sông
complement/ˈkɒmplɪmənt/
bổ ngữAn element required or licensed by another word to complete its meaning.
depend on data; responsible for monitoring
phụ thuộc vào dữ liệu; chịu trách nhiệm giám sát
adjunct/ˈædʒʌŋkt/
trạng ngữ tùy chọnAn optional phrase adding circumstances such as time, place or manner without being selected by the head word.
We sampled near the inlet in March.
Chúng tôi lấy mẫu gần cửa vào trong tháng Ba.
dependent preposition/dɪˈpendənt ˌprepəˈzɪʃən/
giới từ phụ thuộcA preposition conventionally selected by a particular verb, adjective or noun.
depend on; effect on; responsible for
phụ thuộc vào; ảnh hưởng lên; chịu trách nhiệm cho
object of a preposition/ˈɒbdʒɪkt əv ə ˌprepəˈzɪʃən/
bổ ngữ của giới từThe noun phrase, object pronoun or -ing clause that completes a preposition.
with them; by comparing records
với họ; bằng cách so sánh các chuỗi
完整课程范围
不要停留在单一公式
时间、地点、方向、原因、方式与伴随介词
动词、形容词与名词后的固定介词
介词补足语与可选状语
多词介词与正式表达
判断边界：应将支配词、介词及其补足结构作为整体学习。
02 · 控制规则
介词引导后接名词短语、宾格代词或 -ing 的短语。应根据语义关系和既定依存搭配选择，并区分必需补语与可移动的可选附加语。
preposition + NP/object pronoun/-ing | head + dependent preposition介词与介词短语
理解介词所表达的关系，区分必需补语与可选附加语，并把依存搭配作为完整词汇单位学习。
1. 结构与功能
介词是介词短语的中心，后接补语，通常为名词短语或 -ing 从句。整个短语可修饰名词、动词、形容词或从句。
preposition + noun phrase / pronoun / -ing clause介词后用宾格代词：between you and me, for them, with us。
介词后动词通常用 -ing：interested in modelling, before collecting data。
介词短语可后置修饰名词：the station near the inlet；也可作附加语：We sampled near the inlet。
The measurements from the offshore station were excluded from the analysis.
来自离岸站的测量值被排除在分析之外。
核心语义对比
这些是概念默认值；固定搭配仍需整体学习。
| 关系 | 对比 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| 时间 | by = 不迟于；until = 持续到 | finish by Friday / work until Friday |
| 移动 | across = 横跨两侧；through = 穿过内部空间 | across the river / through the tunnel |
| 原因/结果 | result from / result in | damage from waves / damage results in closure |
| 让步 | despite + 名词短语 / although + 从句 | despite the rain / although it rained |
高价值依存搭配
记录词语时同时记录其介词和补语类型。
| 中心词 | 结构 | 意义/用法 |
|---|---|---|
| depend | depend on + 名词短语/-ing | 条件/依赖 |
| contribute | contribute to + 名词短语/-ing | 促成/贡献 |
| responsible | responsible for + 名词短语/-ing | 责任或原因 |
| effect | effect on + 名词短语 | 影响 |
| solution | solution to + 名词短语 | 问题的解决方案 |
高风险错误对比
discuss 在此义中是及物动词，直接接宾语。
despite 直接接名词短语；也可用 in spite of。
此处 flooding 导致 road closure，因此用 result in；result from 会引出 flooding 的原因。
介词后的动词通常用 -ing 形式。
概念与形式检测
在语境中应用该系统
写一个四句 IELTS 解释：使用一个原因短语、一个方法短语、一个形容词依存结构，并按正确逻辑方向使用 result from 与 result in。
- ✓介词后的补语为名词短语、代词或 -ing 形式。
- ✓原因与结果方向没有颠倒。
- ✓依存搭配作为完整单位学习和使用。
03 · 解析示例
同时观察形式、功能与意义
The shoreline was mapped by analysing satellite images.
Đường bờ được lập bản đồ bằng cách phân tích ảnh vệ tinh.
The discrepancy resulted from a timing error and resulted in an incorrect estimate.
Sai khác bắt nguồn từ lỗi thời gian và dẫn đến một ước tính sai.
Despite the limited record, the researchers reached a defensible conclusion.
Mặc dù chuỗi số liệu hạn chế, các nhà nghiên cứu vẫn đạt được kết luận có thể bảo vệ.
The result depends on how the boundary condition is specified.
Kết quả phụ thuộc vào cách điều kiện biên được xác định.
04 · 高风险错误对比
说明错误原因，而非只选正确答案
We discussed about the uncertainty.
We discussed the uncertainty.
discuss 在此义中是及物动词，直接接宾语；英语不照搬其他语言中的介词。
05 · 掌握检测
完成课程前先应用规则
哪个句子符合目标语法系统？
哪个描述最能定义“preposition”？
哪个例句属于本课已验证的目标结构？
哪个结构公式属于本课？
完成四项检测，然后提交自拟句以获得目标结构反馈。
06 · IELTS Academic
将语法迁移到真实交际任务
使用精确依存搭配和方法/原因短语：an increase in demand、an effect on prices、caused by migration、measured by comparing two periods。
介词后使用宾格和 -ing 形式。
区分 at/in/on、by/until、across/through 和 result from/in。
识别动词、形容词和名词的依存搭配。
区分 despite + 短语 与 although + 从句。