指代与衔接
Reference devices link sentences by pointing to people, entities, propositions or sections of text without unnecessary repetition.
01 · 概念基础
先理解术语，再应用规则
以下术语指向不同的语法对象，应比较其功能与例句，而非只记翻译。
cohesion/kəʊˈhiːʒən/
liên kết hình thứcThe grammatical and lexical ties that make parts of a text connect on the surface.
pronouns, repetition, substitution, linking expressions
đại từ, lặp từ, thay thế, biểu thức nối
anaphora/əˈnæfərə/
tham chiếu hồi chỉReference back to an earlier expression in the text.
The method was revised. This improved accuracy.
Phương pháp được sửa. Điều này cải thiện độ chính xác.
ambiguous reference/æmˈbɪɡjuəs ˈrefrəns/
tham chiếu mơ hồA reference form with more than one plausible antecedent.
The model compared the dataset with the survey, but it was incomplete.
Mô hình so sánh bộ dữ liệu với khảo sát, nhưng nó không đầy đủ.
完整课程范围
不要停留在单一公式
代词、指示与比较指称
回指与前指关系
词汇重复、替代与省略
跨句保持清晰单一指称
判断边界：只有读者无需猜测即可恢复目标指称时，衔接才算成功。
02 · 控制规则
只有当前件可恢复、无歧义且在数与意义上兼容时，指称才能形成衔接。学术写作常用 this result、this discrepancy、this approach 等概括名词替代单独的 this。
antecedent → pronoun/demonstrative | proposition → this/that + summary noun | count noun → one/ones | action/process → do so指称与衔接：让文本中的实体与观点可持续追踪
使用名词、代词、指示词、替代形式与概括名词建立清晰指称链，避免歧义与机械重复。
只有读者在指称出现时能够恢复唯一目标先行词，衔接才算成功。
衔接并不等于尽量多用代词。当有两个可能先行词时，重复关键词往往比 it/this/they 更清楚。学术写作常用 this + 概括名词，因为名词明确前述命题的解释方式。
该指称具体指向哪个人、物、过程或命题？
先行词是否足够接近，并在数、人称和意义上兼容？
代词、this + 概括名词、one/ones 还是词汇重复最清楚？
该指称是在维持主题，还是意外改变主题？
1. 回指、前指与情境指称
回指向前文，前指向后文，情境指称依赖共享物理或文化语境。
antecedent → pronoun/demonstrative · pronoun → following identifying clause · shared context → the/this/that回指是最常见的衔接模式。
前指把识别信息延后。
外指依赖情境，在自足的学术文本中应谨慎使用。
A new calibration routine was introduced. It reduced the mean error by 12%.
引入了新的校准流程。它使平均误差降低了 12%。
it 只有一个邻近单数先行词 calibration routine，因此指称清楚。
适合简洁技术写作。When they were finally inspected, the three damaged sensors showed salt deposits.
最终检查时，三个损坏的传感器显示出盐沉积。
they 前指后面的识别名词短语。
代词指称
antecedent + ... + matching pronoun维持对可恢复参与者或实体的指称。
the model ... it
the stations ... they
the researchers ... them
- 格与数必须匹配句法功能及先行词。
指示指称
this/that/these/those (+ noun)选择并突出邻近或对比的实体/命题。
this result
that assumption
these findings
those values
- 学术写作中，后接概括名词通常更精确。
替代
one/ones · do so · the same/other/such替代可恢复的名词或动词短语并保留对比。
the larger one
the remaining ones
the second method does so
- one/ones 通常替代可数名词，不替代不可数名词。
it 与 this
The model was recalibrated. It improved accuracy.
it 指模型这一实体。
The model was recalibrated. This improved accuracy.
this 指前述重新校准这一整体事件。
实体用 it，命题/事件用 this；需要明确解释时加概括名词。
裸 this 与 this + 概括名词
Only one storm was observed. This reduces confidence.
语法正确，但读者需推断 this 的含义。
Only one storm was observed. This limitation reduces confidence.
limitation 明确给前述事实分类。
语篇角色具有分析意义时优先 this + 名词。
策略性重复与歧义代词
The model compared the dataset with the survey, but it was incomplete.
it 可能指 model、dataset 或 survey。
The model compared the dataset with the survey, but the survey was incomplete.
目标先行词明确。
若代词会损害清晰度，就重复名词。
口语交流
- 优先
- 口语中的代词与指示词可更多依赖共享情境和语调。
- 避免
- 多个参与者同时出现时避免长串 he/she/it。
- 原因
- 听者无法回读，适度重复名词有助理解。
雅思写作任务二
- 优先
- 可用主题名词→代词/短名词→this + 概括名词连接论点、证据与评价。
- 避免
- 避免机械换同义词导致意义或指称变化。
- 原因
- 词汇精确性比表面变化更重要。
雅思写作任务一
- 优先
- 可用 the figure、this value、former/latter、those 控制图表对象指称。
- 避免
- 多个图表系列都可能作为先行词时避免 it/they。
- 原因
- 指称错误会让本来准确的比较无法解释。
指称手段与功能
选择最简洁但仍无歧义的形式。
| 手段 | 最佳用途 | 风险 |
|---|---|---|
| 人称代词 | 单一突出先行词 | 竞争先行词或距离过远 |
| this/these + 概括名词 | 给前述命题分类 | 错误标记前述论断 |
| one/ones | 在对比中替代可数名词 | 用于不可数名词 |
| 词汇重复 | 恢复清晰度或技术精度 | 不必要单调 |
高价值概括名词
名词应说明作者如何解释前述命题。
| 语篇角色 | 概括名词 | 例句框架 |
|---|---|---|
| 结果/证据 | result, finding, evidence, observation | This finding suggests that... |
| 问题/限制 | problem, limitation, weakness, uncertainty | This limitation should be considered... |
| 变化/模式 | change, trend, pattern, relationship | This pattern was repeated... |
| 原因/过程 | reason, mechanism, process, approach | This mechanism may explain... |
✕ The model compared the dataset with the survey, but it was incomplete.
✓ The model compared the dataset with the survey, but the survey was incomplete.
it 有多个可能的单数先行词，应重复目标名词。
✕ The measurements were repeated because it was inconsistent.
✓ The measurements were repeated because they were inconsistent.
复数先行词 measurements 要求 they。
✕ Only one event was observed. This makes transfer uncertain.
✓ Only one event was observed. This limitation makes transfer uncertain.
修改后明确前述事实在论证中的作用。
✕ The first information was correct, but the second one was not.
✓ The first piece of information was correct, but the second one was not.
one 替代可数名词，因此需引入可数中心 piece。
依据意义、可数性与语篇功能选择
1. 哪种改写消除歧义？
2. 句中 this 指什么？
3. 哪一句正确使用替代？
4. 哪一个概括名词最适合接在该句后？
写一段五句的雅思任务二段落，包含主题名词、代词、为清晰而重复的名词、this + 概括名词以及一个替代形式，并标明每个指称的先行词。
每个代词都有唯一可恢复先行词。
数、人称与格匹配先行词及句法角色。
语篇关系重要时扩展裸 this。
需要技术精度时术语保持稳定。
03 · 解析示例
同时观察形式、功能与意义
The first model overestimated the peak. This discrepancy was reduced after calibration.
Mô hình đầu tiên đánh giá quá cao đỉnh. Sai lệch này giảm sau hiệu chỉnh.
Two boundary conditions were tested; the latter produced the more stable solution.
Hai điều kiện biên được thử nghiệm; điều kiện sau tạo nghiệm ổn định hơn.
Several stations transmitted complete records, but the offshore ones failed to do so.
Một số trạm truyền dữ liệu đầy đủ, nhưng các trạm ngoài khơi không làm được như vậy.
04 · 高风险错误对比
说明错误原因，而非只选正确答案
The model was compared with the observations, and it was inaccurate.
The model was inaccurate when compared with the observations.
原句中的 it 有两个可能的先行词；重复或重构中心名词可消除歧义并提高分析精确度。
05 · 掌握检测
完成课程前先应用规则
哪个句子符合目标语法系统？
哪个描述最能定义“cohesion”？
哪个例句属于本课已验证的目标结构？
哪个结构公式属于本课？
完成四项检测，然后提交自拟句以获得目标结构反馈。
06 · IELTS Academic
将语法迁移到真实交际任务
Task 2 中明确的指称链优于重复或模糊表达；Task 1 可使用 the former、the latter、this increase、those of 2020 等受控替代；口语中代词更常见，但指称仍须清楚。
将每个指称词追溯到唯一明确的先行词。
使用 this + 概括名词准确归类前述命题。
仅在语法和语义允许时使用 one/ones、the former/latter 与 do so。