构词与语法选择
Word formation changes grammatical category and meaning through roots, prefixes and suffixes, which directly affects sentence structure.
01 · 概念基础
先理解术语，再应用规则
以下术语指向不同的语法对象，应比较其功能与例句，而非只记翻译。
morpheme/ˈmɔːfiːm/
hình vịThe smallest unit of form that carries meaning or grammatical function.
un-certainty, model-s
un-certainty, model-s
derivation/ˌderɪˈveɪʃən/
phái sinhThe creation of a new word, often with a new word class, by adding an affix.
analyse → analysis → analytical
phân tích → sự phân tích → thuộc phân tích
inflection/ɪnˈflekʃən/
biến tốA grammatical change that creates another form of the same lexeme without creating a new dictionary word.
model → models; calibrate → calibrated
model → models; calibrate → calibrated
root/ruːt/
gốc từThe element carrying the central lexical meaning of a word family.
predict in prediction, predictable and unpredictability
predict trong prediction, predictable và unpredictability
affix/ˈæfɪks/
phụ tốA prefix or suffix attached to a base to change meaning or grammatical function.
re-calibr-ation; un-reli-able
re-calibr-ation; un-reli-able
word family/ˈwɜːd fæməli/
họ từA set of established words sharing a root but occupying different grammatical categories or meanings.
analyse, analysis, analytical, analytically, analyst
analyse, analysis, analytical, analytically, analyst
nominalisation/ˌnɒmɪnəlaɪˈzeɪʃən/
danh hóaThe packaging of a process or quality as a noun, common in academic writing but potentially dense when overused.
The coast eroded → coastal erosion
Bờ bị xói → sự xói lở bờ
完整课程范围
不要停留在单一公式
词根、前缀、后缀与语法语素
名词、动词、形容词与副词词族
否定、反向、程度与评价词缀
零派生、复合与拼写变化
判断边界：语法上可能的派生形式仍可能很少见或不适合目标语域。
02 · 控制规则
分别分析前缀、词根/词基、派生后缀和屈折变化。利用周围语法预测所需词类，再核实所得形式、拼写、意义和搭配是否为既定英语。
prefix + root/base + derivational suffix + inflection词根、词缀与词族控制
把词分析为有意义的组成部分，根据句法槽位预测词类，并选择正确词族成员而不臆造词形。
1. 语素、词根、词基与词干
语素是承载意义或语法功能的最小形式。词根承载核心词汇意义；词基是可添加词缀的形式；词干是承接屈折变化的形式。
prefix + root/base + derivational suffix + inflection在 unpredictability 中：un- + predict + -able + -ity。词根 predict 承载核心意义；后续后缀改变词类。
派生词缀创造新词或改变词类；屈折变化只标记语法而不创造新词典词：model → models；calibrate → calibrated。
并非所有看似词缀的字符串都具有构词能力；可疑形式应查可靠词典，而不是自行创造。
The recalibration improved the reliability of the sensor network.
重新率定提高了传感器网络的可靠性。
词类信号
后缀只是线索，并非保证。始终检查意义、拼写和既定用法。
| 目标词类 | 常见后缀 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| 名词 | -tion, -ment, -ness, -ity, -ance, -er | calibration, development, reliability |
| 形容词 | -al, -ive, -ous, -ful, -less, -able | numerical, effective, reliable |
| 动词 | -ise/-ize, -ify, -en, -ate | standardise, simplify, widen |
| 副词 | -ly（常见） | significantly, reliably, carefully |
判断所需词类
选择词族成员前，应阅读空格两侧并确定语法中心。
| 语境 | 常需词类 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| 限定词 + ___ + 动词 | 名词 | The analysis shows... |
| ___ + 名词 | 形容词/名词修饰语 | reliable data; model output |
| 情态动词 + ___ | 动词原形 | can improve |
| 动词 + ___（方式） | 副词 | responded rapidly |
| be + ___ | 形容词/名词表语 | is reliable; is a limitation |
高风险错误对比
an 后需要单数可数名词；analyse 是动词，analysis 是名词。
系动词 is 后描述主语，因此需要形容词。
该词说明估计值变化的程度，因此用副词。
既定否定形式是 impossible；否定前缀不能自由互换。
概念与形式检测
在语境中应用该系统
建立一个含五个成员的学术词族，并在短 IELTS 段落中使用其中四个；标出决定词形的句法槽位，并避免不必要的名词化。
- ✓所选词族成员匹配语法槽位。
- ✓前缀和后缀形式是既定英语词。
- ✓名词化改善信息流，而不是隐藏动作。
03 · 解析示例
同时观察形式、功能与意义
The recalibration improved the reliability of the sensor network.
Việc hiệu chỉnh lại cải thiện độ tin cậy của mạng cảm biến.
The revised algorithm significantly improved computational efficiency.
Thuật toán đã sửa cải thiện đáng kể hiệu suất tính toán.
The model underestimated peak discharge because the roughness was overcalibrated.
Mô hình đánh giá thấp lưu lượng đỉnh vì hệ số nhám được hiệu chỉnh quá mức.
The rapid expansion of the network improved spatial coverage.
Việc mở rộng nhanh mạng lưới cải thiện độ phủ không gian.
04 · 高风险错误对比
说明错误原因，而非只选正确答案
The team completed an analyse of the record.
The team completed an analysis of the record.
an 后需要单数可数名词。analyse 是动词；analysis 是该词族的名词成员。
05 · 掌握检测
完成课程前先应用规则
哪个句子符合目标语法系统？
哪个描述最能定义“morpheme”？
哪个例句属于本课已验证的目标结构？
哪个结构公式属于本课？
完成四项检测，然后提交自拟句以获得目标结构反馈。
06 · IELTS Academic
将语法迁移到真实交际任务
利用词族丰富表达并有选择地名词化：analyse → analysis → analytical → analytically；清晰度需要时应保留施事与动作。
区分派生与屈折。
识别常见名词、形容词、动词和副词后缀。
按既定意义使用前缀，不臆造词形。
建立词族表并在正确槽位使用各成员。